Cause and Effect Relationship between Candida Spp. and Oral Premalignant Conditions: A Review

Oro-pharyngeal malignancy is a critical part of the worldwideweight of disease. The occurrence of oral malignancy isespecially high among men and is the eighth most commoncancer around the world. A significant extent of oral squamouscarcinomas creates from prior potentially malignant disorderof the oral cavity. Etiology of potentially malignant disordersis multifactorial. Tobacco and liquor are viewed as anoteworthy hazard factors however progressively the roleof viral and candidal infection are perceived as being hugein cancer development. Candida spp. is typical commensalfungi that are found colonizing the oral mucosa much of thetime. Oral Candida is "“opportunistic pathogens”. Candidacan switch from a innocuous commensal to the pathogenicorganism which causes oral mucosal infection depending onthe host defense mechanisms or local oral microenvironment.This article highlights the relationship among Candida andoral cancer/PMD.

Adherence to medications among patients with diabetes mellitus (Type 2) at ballabgarh health and demographic surveillance system: A community based study

Burden of diabetes mellitus in India is on rise. Adherence to treatment is essential to diabetes control and prevention of complications. Objectives: To study the adherence to treatment of diabetes mellitus and its determinants among rural population Material and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a rural community of north India. From a list of all self-reported diabetics (aged ≥18 years), 400 were randomly selected. Information about drug prescription and intake, socio-demographic factors, health seeking behaviors and disease status were obtained from the participants. Height, weight and blood pressure were recorded. Blood samples were collected to measure HbAlc levels Results: Out of 371 self-reported diabetic patients, 113 (30.4%) did not take any medication since last one month of the interview. Amongst 258 patients, who were taking treatment, 146 (39.4, 95%CI: 34.5-44.4) were found to have 100% drug adherence rate. Tobacco (p=0.03) and alcohol (p=0.04) use were significantly associated with drug adherence on bi variate analysis. Drug adherence rate was higher in group with HbA1c level more than 6.4gm%. Conclusion: A high proportion of diabetic patients were not adhering to the treatment prescribed to them by their consulting doctors. There is urgent need for awareness generation about diabetes treatment adherence and developing adherence monitoring mechanisms at community level.

Knowledge, Attitude And Practice Of The Dental Practitioners Towards Orthodontic Root Resorption: A Questionnaire Study.

Background: Today’s community is becoming more concern with the aesthetics and therefore orthodontics is coming into focus. With increasing numbers of patients receiving orthodontic treatment and with increased expectations, the adverse consequences of treatment should be emphasized. External apical root resorption is an iatrogenic consequence of orthodontic treatment, although it can also occur in the absence of orthodontic treatment. Thus every dental practitioner and orthodontist should know the risk factors of root resorption, so that he or she can do everything to reduce the occurrence of root resorption. Methodology: The study was consisted of 50 participants including of general dental practitioners and orthodontists. Study was carried out with the help of specially designed 12 questionnaires, which were validated by doing pilot study. Results: In the present study, 88% participants had knowledge about the fact of orthodontic root resorption and about 31% had come across such situations in their practice. Many of the participants were not having the knowledge of the etiological and other factors associated with the condition. Conclusion: Results of the present study were shown that, though root resorption induced by the orthodontic treatment is commonly seen among the community, many of them were not aware of the sufficient knowledge, attitude and practice towards this adverse situation.

Iodised Salt Consumption in Medical Colleges of India.

Objectives: To assess the knowledge regarding Iodine deficiency disorders and iodized salt among selected persons involved in providing cooked food to the doctors and students of the Medical colleges of India and to study the procurement and storage practices and iodine content of salt in kitchens of Hostels and Canteens of the Medical colleges of India Methods: Cross sectional study was conducted involving 24 medical colleges in 11 states. Knowledge assessment of 96 person responsible for purchase of salt in hostel/canteen kitchen and 97 supervisors were conducted. Salt samples from 135 hostel/canteen kitchen were tested for iodine content using titration. Results: Among the participants responsible for purchase of salt in the canteen, 80.2% have heard about iodine and 82.3% think that iodine is necessary for better health. Eighty five percent of the purchasing personnel think that it was necessary to take iodized salt. Out of the total, 85% of purchase in charge and 93% of supervisors said that they purchase only iodized salt for the hostel/canteen kitchen. Only 31.9% of the salt samples were stored in air tight containers. Eighty one percent of salt samples received were adequately iodized. Conclusions: The knowledge regarding the Iodine Deficiency Disorder and iodized salt was found to be adequate in the study and has resulted in emphasis on purchase of Iodized salt. But the existence of inadequately iodized salt in the samples collected shows the need for strict monitoring and enforcement of Prevention of Food Adulteration act.

Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) control in India.

Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) constitute the single largest cause of preventable brain damage worldwide. Majority of consequences of IDD are invisible and irreversible but at the same time these are preventable. In India, the entire population is prone to IDD due to deficiency of iodine in the soil of the subcontinent and consequently the food derived from it. To combat the risk of IDD, salt is fortified with iodine. However, an estimated 350 million people do not consume adequately iodized salt and, therefore, are at risk for IDD. Of the 325 districts surveyed in India so far, 263 are IDD-endemic. The current household level iodized salt coverage in India is 91 per cent with 71 per cent households consuming adequately iodized salt. The IDD control goal in India was to reduce the prevalence of IDD below 10 per cent in the entire country by 2012. What is required is a “mission approach” with greater coordination amongst all stakeholders of IDD control efforts in India. Mainstreaming of IDD control in policy making, devising State specific action plans to control IDD, strict implementation of Food Safety and Standards (FSS) Act, 2006, addressing inequities in iodized salt coverage (rural-urban, socio-economic), providing iodized salt in Public Distribution System, strengthening monitoring and evaluation of IDD programme and ensuring sustainability of IDD control activities are essential to achieve sustainable elimination of IDD in India.

High burden of dental caries in geriatric population of India: A systematic review.

Oral health is an essential component of health throughout life. Poor oral health and untreated oral diseases can have a significant impact on the quality of life of the elderly. The objective of this study was to estimate the burden of dental caries among the elderly persons in India in the past two decades. A systematic review from available literature was carried out. Six community-based articles were included in this review. The selected studies were screened by using STROBE checklist for observational studies. All studies were found to contain the required essentials of observational studies. Weighted prevalence of dental caries experience was calculated. Trend was generated using Microsoft Excel program. The prevalence of dental caries experience ranged from 31.5 to 100%. Weighted prevalence of dental caries experience was 83.6% and 82.3% for 2000-2004 and 2005-2009, respectively. There is a high burden of dental caries in the elderly population. Treatment and restorative services need to be provided to alleviate this problem.

Flies blown disease - Oral myiasis.

Myiasis, a term first introduced by Hope (1840), refers to the invasion of tissues and organs of animals and human wounds and certain body cavities by the dipteran larvae which manifests as subcutaneous furunculoid or boillike lesions. Oral myiasis is a rare pathology and a risk to the patient's life. Higher incidence is seen in rural areas affecting the tropical and sub-tropical zones of Africa and America. Myiasis affecting the oro-dental complex is rare. Here is a case report of oral myiasis in an 18-year-old male patient who is mentally challenged with anterior open bite, incompetent lips, and periodontal disease. The lesion was treated with turpentine oil, which forced larvae out and irrigated with normal saline solution. Follow-up examination revealed complete remission and healing of the lesion.

A study to evaluate asbestos fiber burden in lung and pleural malignancies.

Background: There is scarcity of data on asbestos fiber burden in lung and pleural malignancies. Aim: To evaluate asbestos fiber burden in biopsy samples of suspected lung and pleural malignancies. Study Design: This was a single-centre, observational study. Study Period: From August 2010 to July 2010. Setting: Department of Pulmonary Medicine, CSMMU, UP, Lucknow, a tertiary care hospital in India. Study Population: Suspected cases of lung and pleural malignancy. Materials and Methods: Biopsy tissues taken by computed tomography (CT)-guided biopsy, bronchoscopic biopsy, and pleural biopsy by Cope's needle were analyzed for histopathology and asbestos burden by Haq et al.'s method. Results: 20 patients were studied. Mean fiber burden was 9.25 × 10 4 fibers/g. Average burden in lung malignancies (11 patients) was 9.178 × 10 4 fibers/g and in pleural tissue (9 patients) was 9.332 × 10 4fibers/g. Among the different cell types, mean fiber burden in squamous cell carcinoma was 8.99 × 10 4 fibers/g, in adenocarcinoma was 9.71 × 10 4 fibers/g, and in small cell carcinoma was 7.54 × 10 4 fibers/g. Mean fiber burden in bronchoscopic endobronchial biopsy tissue was 10.69 × 10 4 fibers/g, while in CT-guided biopsy was 8.60× 10 4fibers/g. Conclusion: Maximum number of fibers was found in adenocarcinoma.